The effects of sterile males and two braconid parasitoids, Fopius arisanus (Sonan) and Diachasmimorpha krausii (Fullaway) (Hymenoptera), on caged populations of Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) at various sites in Guatemala

Area-wide control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (=medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), typically involves sterile insect technique (=SIT), and at present the ‘‘Temperature Sensitive Lethal’’ (=TSL) strain is commonly mass-reared for such releases. In theory, and with some experimental support, the augmentative addition of parasitoids to sterile releases can suppress pest populations to a greater extent than either technique alone. The efficacies of TSL males, parasitoids, and TSL males and parasitoids were compared in large field cages erected over coffee grown at four locations and three altitudes (relatively high, medium and low for the crop) in Guatemala. Two species of opiine braconid parasitoids, the larval–pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha krausii (Fullaway) and the egg-pupal parasitoid Fopius arisanus (Sonan), were released either together or in combination with sterile males into cages along with fertile medflies. Results of this evaluation were assessed by comparing the number of pupae and adult insects that completed development (F1 generation) as a result of the reproduction of a parental generation released into each field cage. The TSL males significantly suppressed F1 fly populations but only in one of four study sites. However, the inclusion of F. arisanus and D. krausii always provided significant suppression and the effect was frequently substantial. In one site there was a significant interaction between the capacity of sterile males and parasitoids to suppress caged fly populations. There was no effect of host-fruit abundance on the numbers of flies recovered, however, there were significant interactions between maximum and minimum temperatures and the effects of sterile males and parasitoids, respectively. The results suggest that mass-reared sterile medflies and biological control agents should be tested for both consistent sexual-quality and their ability to perform in the various environments in which they will be released. 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.